In M. A. Hogg & D. Abrams (Eds), Group motivation: Social psychological perspectives (173-190). Next, participants were asked whether some of their significant possessions, such as their favorite jeans, either express their personality or were purchased because of their utility and convenience. (1991). The creation of uncertainty in the influence process: The roles of stimulus information and disagreement with similar others. It has two concerns, including self-awareness and knowledge of others. One of these theories in particular, subjective uncertainty reduction theory, was considered by Brewer (1991, 2003) when developing her theory of optimal distinctiveness. Consequently, they may perceive themselves as older, a tendency called assimilation. Participants reported elevated levels of uncertainty, anxiety, and frustration--emotions that are related to activation of the behavioral inhibition system (see reinforcement sensitivity theory)--but only if the threats corresponded to the motives that were activated. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 87, 49-74. If participants experienced uncertainty, they were more likely to perceive their possessions as an expression of their personality instead of a useful product. Accordingly, social competence is operationalized as consensus with the broader population in social settings. In one study, some participants were asked to consider three features of themselves that provoke uncertainty, called self-uncertainty. They may, therefore, act more impulsively and ultimately more aggressively. Utility was represented by questions such as "My jeans make it easier for me to structure and organize my daily life". Dimmock, J. The second study was similar. Schaefer, D. R. (2009). ), The psychology of group perception: Perceived variability, entitativity, and essentialism (pp. These organizations tend to reject most features of mainstream culture. Second, individuals often experience uncertainty over questions of existence and morality. Compensatory conviction in the face of personal uncertainty: Going to extremes and being oneself. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39, 1268-1279. In this study, teams of five participants completed a task in which they communicated over computer. Subjective uncertainty reduction theory proposes that many common activities, such as joining a team or group-as well as many psychological inclinations-ultimately arise from the need to curb subjective uncertainty. * 8 Axioms * Origin URT was created and developed by C.R. Hewstone, M., Rubin, M., & Willis, H. (2002). To gauge exclusion, a formula was utilized. Several authors, for example, assume that need for closure-the inclination to reach decisions rapidly and follow routines rather than engage in activities in which the outcome is unpredictable-manifests an intense motivation to curb subjective uncertainty. Steps, stages, and structure: Finding compensatory order in scientific theories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 839-848. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42, 87-94. networks. Finally, some participants discussed the activities they undertook yesterday. Such states, for example, could derive from decline in the economy, insecurity in relationships, limited clarity about the self, uncertainty about social interactions, and so forth (see Smith, Hogg, & Martin, & Terry, 2007). 2 anxiety during initial interactions because they are unable to predict or control how the relationship will progress. Compared to the other participants, individuals who deliberated over a time in which they felt uncertain were more likely to adopt religious beliefs. (1997). Building on social identity theory and self-categorization theory, a subjective uncertainty reduction model of motivation associated with social identity process and group and intergroup behavior is developed and described. Next, they completed a tedious language task: They needed to complete word fragments, such as -IC-. 70-126). The uncertainty reduction theory was developed by Charles 'Chuck' Berger. Identity crises: A social critique of postmodernity. Consequently, after they express opinions that diverge from the prevailing attitudes of their society, they become more attuned to their distinct qualities. Fritsche, I., Jonas, E., & Fankhanel, T. (2008). Assuming the desire of people to reduce uncertainty in initial interactions, Berger and Calabrese's (1975) Uncertainty Reduction Theory focuses on initial interactions between strangers, suggesting that when strangers meet, their primary concern … (1998). Grieve and Hogg (1999), for example, granted some, but not all, participants extensive opportunity to practice some task. Hodson, G., & Sorrentino, R. M. (2001). Although some minor surprises can be satisfying and pleasurable, scholars have long recognized that uncertainty about key facets of our life is aversive (e.g., Festinger, 1954), partly because such a state undermines our capacity to predict the future and act appropriately as a means to fulfill desired outcomes. ), Motivation and personality handbook of thematic content analysis (pp. Although it continues to be widely respected as a tool to explain and predict initial interaction events, it is now also employed to study intercultural interaction (Gudykunst et al., 1985), organizational socialization (Lester, 1986), and as a function of media (Katz & Blumer, 1974). Motivations for group membership: The role of subjective importance and uncertainty reduction. These beliefs, however, are often crucial to the self concept of individuals. New York: MacGraw-Hill. Not all selves feel the same uncertainty: Assimilation to primes among individualists and collectivists. Other theories or models do not assume that individuals progress from stage to another stage in a fixed order& people can either progress in different orders or they may develop along a continuum. (2000). (1952). ), Language and social psychology (pp. Inzlicht, M., McGregor, I., Hirsh, J. The frequency of exchanges can then affect uncertainty. European Journal of Social Psychology, 23, 17-38. 3 (pp. ), The handbook of social psychology (Vol. Morrison, K. R., & Johnson, C. S. (2011). Subjectivity uncertainty theory of objectification: Compensating for uncertainty about how to positively relate to others by downplaying their subjective attributes. As Inzlicht, McGregor, Hirsh, and Nash (2009) demonstrated, if individuals believe strongly in a God or exhibit religious zeal, reactivity of the anterior cingulate cortex diminishes. Consistent with this argument, Hogg, Adelman, and Blagg (2010) cite many studies that attest to the effect of uncertainty on the receptivity to religion. Pittman, T. S. (1998). Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing. In the control condition, participants were asked to consider three events in the world that provoke uncertainty, called general uncertainty, a feeling that is not as threatening.
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