/x6 2 0 R /XObject ASTM's paint and related coating standards are instrumental in specifying and evaluating the physical and chemical properties of various paints and coatings that are applied to certain bulk materials to improve their surface properties. *Please select more than one item to compare process in which ions are separated using differences in their solubility with a given precipitating reagent, solubility product (Ksp) /Interpolate true << Solubility Equilibria. /Length 56114 /a0 Which of the following carbonates will form first? The acetate anion, denoted by the chemical formula CH 3 COO –. /Type /XObject >> It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms. /a0 /AIS false Solutions with varied molarities have different properties i.e., a low molarity acid and high molarity acid can react differently and at different speeds. /Filter /FlateDecode common ion effect /Resources 4 0 R Add a few drops of concentrated hydrochloric acid to a sample of the unknown while holding a piece of commercial lead acetate paper, wetted with distilled water… Avoid combinations of Ba +2 with SO4 =, CrO4 = or F-1 in acidic media. /x5 3 0 R Citric acid is a tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. << 1 0 obj 53. x���t�€������{E�� ��� ���+*�]A��� �zDDA)V@�ޛ��Fz���? As the Ca(OH)2 reacts with Mg2+ on a 1:1 mol basis, the amount of Ca(OH)2 required to precipitate 99.9% of the Mg2+ in 1 L is: 0.05365 M × 74.09 g/mol Ca(OH)2 = 3.97 g/L. The process of photosynthesis that enables plants to convert water, sunlight, and carbon dioxide into glucose and oxygen is a chemical reaction. /Filter /FlateDecode /Type /XObject 20. Show that changes in the initial concentrations of the common ions can be neglected. /Group /x10 8 0 R endstream >> However, additional [OH–] must be added to maintain the equilibrium: [latex]{\text{Mg(OH)}}_{2}\left(s\right)\rightleftharpoons {\text{Mg}}^{\text{2+}}\left(aq\right)+{\text{2OH}}^{\text{-}}\left(aq\right)\left({K}_{\text{sp}}=\text{1.5}\times {10}^{-11}\right)[/latex]. endobj endobj /ca 1 >> [latex]{\text{Mg(OH)}}_{2}\text{(s)}\rightleftharpoons {\text{Mg}}^{\text{2+}}+{\text{2OH}}^{\text{-}}{K}_{\text{sp}}=\left[{\text{Mg}}^{\text{2+}}\right]{\left[{\text{OH}}^{\text{-}}\right]}^{2}[/latex], [latex]\frac{1.21\times {10}^{-4}\text{mol}}{\text{L}}\times 0.20\text{0 L}\times \frac{{\text{1 mol Mg(OH)}}_{2}}{{\text{1 mol Mg}}^{\text{2+}}}\times \frac{{\text{58.3 g Mg(OH)}}_{2}}{{\text{1 mol Mg(OH)}}_{2}}=\text{1.14}\times {10}^{-3}{\text{Mg(OH)}}_{2}[/latex]. To learn more about the definition of ions and other related concepts such as the periodic trends in the ionization enthalpies of the elements , register with BYJU’S and download the mobile application on your smartphone. /BBox [0 0 595.2 841.92] Molarity is the concentration of x moles of solute in 1 L of solution. One way to do this is with a battery or power supply, as shown in . If 99.9% is to be recovered 0.999 × 1.305 g/L = 1.304 g/L will be obtained. x���  �Om �i�� stream /ca 1 /Interpolate true Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is the hydrolysis product of polyvinyl acetate. /Type /Mask /BBox [0 0 456 455] 4 0 obj Given the concentration of Ca2+ in solution, the maximum [latex]{\text{[PO}}_{4}{}^{\text{3-}}\right][/latex] can be calculated by using the Ksp expression for Ca3(PO4)2: Ksp = 1 × 10–25 = [Ca2+]3 [latex]{{\text{[PO}}_{4}{}^{\text{3-]}}}^{2}[/latex], [latex]{\left[{\text{Ca}}^{\text{2+}}\right]}_{\text{urine}}=\frac{0.10\text{}g\left(\frac{1\text{}mol}{40.08\text{}g}\right)}{1.4\text{L}}=\text{1.8}\times {10}^{-3}\text{}M[/latex], [latex]{{\text{[PO}}_{4}{}^{\text{3-}}]}^{2}=\frac{1\times {10}^{-25}}{{\left(1.8\times {10}^{-3}\right)}^{3}}=\text{1.7}\times {10}^{-17}[/latex], [latex]{{\text{[PO}}_{4}{}^{\text{3-}}]}^{2}=4\times {10}^{-9}\text{}M[/latex]. For example, if we have a mixture of 150 g of sodium acetate (CH 3 CO 2 Na) and 50 g of KBr, we can separate the two compounds by dissolving the mixture in 100 g of water at 80°C and then cooling the solution slowly to 0°C. Subsidiary colouring matters. /ColorSpace /DeviceGray /Type /Group /CA 1 << @�Svgvfv�����h��垼N�>� _���G @}���> ����G��If 0^qd�N2 ���D�� `��ȒY �VY2 ���E�� `$�ȒY �#�,� �(�ȒY �!Y2 �d#Kf �/�&�ȒY ��b�|e�, �]Mf 0� �4d ӐY LCf 0 � �4d ӐY LCf 0 � �4d ӐY LCf 0 � �4d ӐY LCf 0 � �4d ӐY LCf 0 � �4d ӐY LCf 0 � �4d ӐY LCf 0 � �4d ӐY LCf 0 � �4d ӐY LCf 0 � �0A֠؄� �5jФNl\��ud #D�jy��c&�?g��ys?zuܽW_p�^2 �^Qջ�3����3ssmBa����}l˚���Y tIhyכkN�y��3�%8�y� << As an alkaline earth metal, calcium is a reactive metal that forms a dark oxide-nitride layer when exposed to air.Its physical and chemical properties are most similar to its heavier homologues strontium and barium.It is the fifth most abundant element in Earth's crust, and the third most abundant … 6 0 obj << >> Compare Products: Select up to 4 products. /ExtGState /CA 1 endobj 9 0 obj T(�2�331T015�3� S��� /Filter /FlateDecode The cyanide anion, denoted by the chemical formula CN – . endobj endobj Perform the following calculations involving concentrations of iodate ions: The iodate ion concentration of a saturated solution of La(IO, Find the concentration of iodate ions in a saturated solution of Cu(IO, Calculate the molar solubility of AgBr in 0.035, How many grams of Milk of Magnesia, Mg(OH). >> /Length 106 5 0 obj >> /ExtGState /Width 2480 %PDF-1.4 *Please select more than one item to compare /Filter /FlateDecode >> >> endobj 10 0 obj 3 0 obj }w�^m���iHCn�O��,� ���׋[x��P#F�6�Di(2 ������L�!#W{,���,� T}I_��O�-hi��]V��,� T}��E�u x�e�1 >> endobj The total Ca(OH)2 required is 3.97 kg + 0.020 kg = 3.99 kg. << Hazardous waste is regulated under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). /ca 1 >> 1-(Phenylazo)-2-naphthalenol (Sudan I) Not more than 0,5 mg/kg. effect on equilibrium when a substance with an ion in common with the dissolved species is added to the solution; causes a decrease in the solubility of an ionic species, or a decrease in the ionization of a weak acid or base, molar solubility Perform these calculations for nickel(II) carbonate. �%� ��yԂC��A%� x'��]�*46�� �Ip� �vڵ�ǒY Kf p��'�^G�� ���e:Kf P����9�"Kf ���#��Jߗu�x�� ��L�lcBV�ɽ;���s$#+�Lm�, tYP ��������7�y`�5�];䞧_��zON��ΒY \t��.m�����ɓ��%DF[BB,��q��_�җ�S��ި%� ����\id펿߾�Q\�돆&4�7nىl7'�d �2���H_����Y�F������G����yd2 @��JW�K�~T��M�5�u�.�g��, gԼ��|I'��{U-wYC:޹,Mi�Y2 �i��-�. /ColorSpace /DeviceGray << /Type /XObject /Subtype /Form Water consists of the elements hydrogen and oxygen combined in a 2 to 1 ratio. Explain. BaCO3 will be the last to precipitate, it has the largest Ksp value. This process is the foundation upon which the entire food chain is built. Compare Products: Select up to 4 products. Explain why the changes in concentrations of the common ions in Question 17 can be neglected. /BBox [0 0 456 455] /Filter /FlateDecode From the concentrations given, calculate, Which of the following compounds precipitates from a solution that has the concentrations indicated? endobj 2 0 obj << /Length 50 Soaps and detergents that are used for hygiene work using a chemical process known as emulsification. << endstream /Subtype /Form 47. /Resources >> /a0 /BitsPerComponent 1 Assuming that no equilibria other than dissolution are involved, calculate the molar solubility of each of the following from its solubility product: Assuming that no equilibria other than dissolution are involved, calculate the concentration of all solute species in each of the following solutions of salts in contact with a solution containing a common ion. /Length 63 /x19 9 0 R << /ca 1 /SMask 11 0 R /Height 3508 << Total not more than 0,5 %. stream (a) Ksp = [La3+] [latex]{\left[{\text{IO}}_{3}{}^{\text{-}}\right]}^{3}[/latex] = [latex]\left(\frac{1}{3}\times \text{3.1}\times {10}^{-3}\right)[/latex] (3.1 × 10–3)3 = (0.0010)(3.0 × 10–8) = 3.0 × 10–11; (b) Ksp = [Cu2+] [latex]{\left[{\text{IO}}_{3}{}^{\text{-}}\right]}^{2}[/latex] = x(2x)2 = 7.4 × 10–8, [latex]\left[{\text{IO}}_{3}{}^{\text{-}}\right][/latex] = 2x = 5.3 × 10–3, 57. /Height 1894 /BitsPerComponent 1 /ExtGState << 7 0 obj Complete the changes in concentrations for each of the following reactions: [latex]\begin{array}{ccc}\text{AgI}\left(s\right)\longrightarrow & {\text{Ag}}^{\text{+}}\left(aq\right)& +{\text{I}}^{\text{-}}\left(aq\right)\\ & x& _____\end{array}[/latex], [latex]\begin{array}{ccc}{\text{CaCO}}_{3}\left(s\right)\longrightarrow & {\text{Ca}}^{\text{2+}}\left(aq\right)+& {\text{CO}}_{3}{}^{\text{2-}}\left(aq\right)\\ & ____& x\end{array}[/latex], [latex]\begin{array}{ccc}\text{Mg}{\left(\text{OH}\right)}_{2}\left(s\right)\longrightarrow & {\text{Mg}}^{\text{2+}}\left(aq\right)+& 2{\text{OH}}^{\text{-}}\left(aq\right)\\ & x& _____\end{array}[/latex], [latex]\begin{array}{ccc}{\text{Mg}}_{3}{\left({\text{PO}}_{4}\right)}_{2}\left(s\right)\longrightarrow & 3{\text{Mg}}^{\text{2+}}\left(aq\right)+& 2{\text{PO}}_{4}{}^{\text{3-}}\left(aq\right)\\ & & x_____\end{array}[/latex], [latex]\begin{array}{cccc}{\text{Ca}}_{5}{\left({\text{PO}}_{4}\right)}_{3}\text{OH}\left(s\right)\longrightarrow & 5{\text{Ca}}^{\text{2+}}\left(aq\right)+& 3{\text{PO}}_{4}{}^{\text{3-}}\left(aq\right)+& {\text{OH}}^{\text{-}}\left(aq\right)\\ & _____& _____& x\end{array}[/latex], [latex]\begin{array}{ccc}{\text{BaSO}}_{4}\left(s\right)\longrightarrow & {\text{Ba}}^{\text{2+}}\left(aq\right)+& {\text{SO}}_{4}{}^{\text{2-}}\left(aq\right)\\ & x& _____\end{array}[/latex], [latex]\begin{array}{ccc}{\text{Ag}}_{2}{\text{SO}}_{4}\left(s\right)\longrightarrow & 2{\text{Ag}}^{\text{+}}\left(aq\right)+& {\text{SO}}_{4}{}^{\text{2-}}\left(aq\right)\\ & _____& x\end{array}[/latex], [latex]\begin{array}{ccc}\text{Al}{\left(\text{OH}\right)}_{3}\left(s\right)\longrightarrow & {\text{Al}}^{\text{3+}}\left(aq\right)+& 3{\text{OH}}^{\text{-}}\left(aq\right)\\ & x& _____\end{array}[/latex], [latex]\begin{array}{cccc}\text{Pb}\left(\text{OH}\right)\text{Cl}\left(s\right)\longrightarrow & {\text{Pb}}^{\text{2+}}\left(aq\right)+& {\text{OH}}^{\text{-}}\left(aq\right)+& {\text{Cl}}^{\text{-}}\left(aq\right)\\ & _____\text{}& x& _____\end{array}[/latex], [latex]\begin{array}{ccc}{\text{Ca}}_{3}{\left({\text{AsO}}_{4}\right)}_{2}\left(s\right)\longrightarrow & 3{\text{Ca}}^{\text{2+}}\left(aq\right)+& 2{\text{AsO}}_{4}{}^{\text{3-}}\left(aq\right)\\ & 3x& _____\end{array}[/latex]. [latex]Q={\text{[Ag}}^{\text{+}}{]\left[\text{Cl}}^{\text{-}}]=\text{(1.0}\times {10}^{-4})\left(1.0\times {10}^{-4}\right)=\text{1.0}\times {10}^{-8}>{K}_{\text{sp}}[/latex], [latex]{\text{CaC}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{4}\left(s\right)\rightleftharpoons {\text{Ca}}^{\text{2+}}\left(aq\right)+{\text{C}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{4}{}^{\text{2-}}\left(aq\right)[/latex], [latex]Q={K}_{\text{sp}}={\text{[Ca}}^{\text{2+}}{]\left[\text{C}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{4}{}^{\text{2-}}]\text{}=\text{2.27}\times {10}^{-9}[/latex], [latex]\left(2.2\times {10}^{-3}\right){\text{[C}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{4}{}^{\text{2-}}]=\text{2.27}\times {10}^{-9}[/latex], [latex]\left[{\text{C}}_{2}{\text{O}}_{4}{}^{\text{2-}}\right]=\frac{2.27\times {10}^{-9}}{2.2\times {10}^{-3}}\text{=1.0}\times {10}^{-6}[/latex], [latex]{\text{Mn(OH)}}_{2}\left(s\right)\rightleftharpoons {\text{Mn}}^{\text{2+}}\left(aq\right)+{\text{2OH}}^{\text{-}}\left(aq\right){K}_{\text{sp}}=\text{4.5}\times {10}^{-14}[/latex], [latex]{K}_{\text{sp}}={\text{[Mn}}^{\text{2+}}{]\left[\text{OH}}^{\text{-}}{]}^{2}[/latex], [latex]\left(1.8\times {10}^{-6}\right){\left[{\text{OH}}^{\text{-}}\right]}^{2}=\text{4.5}\times {10}^{-14}[/latex], [latex]\left[{\text{OH}}^{\text{-}}\right]=\text{1.6}\times {10}^{-4}\text{}M[/latex], [latex]\begin{array}{c}\text{pOH}=\text{-log}\left[{\text{OH}}^{\text{-}}\right]=\text{-log}\left(1.6\times 10 - 4\right)=\text{3.80}\\ \text{pH}=\text{14.00}-\text{pOH}=\text{14.00}-\text{3.80}=\text{10.20}\end{array}[/latex], [latex]5{\text{Ca}}^{\text{2+}}+{\text{3PO}}_{4}{}^{\text{3-}}+{\text{OH}}^{\text{-}}\rightleftharpoons {\text{Ca}}_{10}{{\text{(PO}}_{4})}_{6}\cdot {\text{(OH)}}_{2}\left(s\right)[/latex], [latex]\text{AgCl}\left(s\right)\rightleftharpoons {\text{Ag}}^{\text{+}}\left(aq\right)+{\text{Cl}}^{\text{-}}\left(aq\right){K}_{\text{sp}}=\text{1.8}\times {10}^{-10}[/latex], [latex]\text{AgI}\left(s\right)\rightleftharpoons {\text{Ag}}^{\text{+}}\left(aq\right)+{\text{I}}^{\text{-}}\left(aq\right)K\text{sp}=\text{1.5}\times {10}^{-16}[/latex], [latex]Q={\text{[Ag}}^{\text{+}}{]\left[\text{I}}^{\text{-}}]={\text{[Ag}}^{\text{+}}\text{](0.0010)}=\text{1.5}\times {10}^{-16}[/latex], [latex][{\text{Ag}}^{\text{+}}\text{]}=\frac{\text{1.8}\times {10}^{-10}}{0.10}=\text{1.8}\times {10}^{-9}[/latex], [latex]{Q}_{\text{sp}}={\text{[Ag}}^{\text{+}}{]\left[\text{Cl}}^{\text{-}}]={\text{[Ag}}^{\text{+}}\text{](0.10)}=\text{1.8}\times {10}^{-10}[/latex], [latex][{\text{Ag}}^{\text{+}}\text{]}=\frac{1.8\times {10}^{-10}}{0.10}\text{=1.8}\times {10}^{-9}M[/latex], [latex]{\text{CH}}_{3}{\text{CO}}_{2}\text{H}+{\text{H}}_{2}\text{O}\rightleftharpoons {\text{H}}_{3}{\text{O}}^{\text{+}}+{\text{CH}}_{3}{\text{CO}}_{2}{}^{\text{-}}[/latex], [latex]\text{AgI}\left(s\right)\rightleftharpoons {\text{Ag}}^{\text{+}}\left(aq\right)+{\text{I}}^{\text{-}}\left(aq\right)[/latex], [latex]\text{CdS}\left(s\right)\rightleftharpoons {\text{Cd}}^{\text{2+}}\left(aq\right)+{\text{S}}^{\text{2-}}\left(aq\right)[/latex], [latex]{K}_{\text{sp}}=\left[{\text{Cd}}^{\text{2+}}\right]\left[{\text{S}}^{\text{2-}}\right]=1.0\times {10}^{-28}[/latex], [latex]\left(0.010+x\right)\left(x\right)=\text{1.0}\times {10}^{-28}[/latex], [latex]{x}^{2}+\text{0.010}x-\text{1.0}\times {10}^{-28}=0[/latex], [latex]{K}_{\text{sp}}={\text{[Cd}}^{\text{2+}}{]\left[\text{S}}^{\text{2-}}]=\text{1.0}\times {10}^{-28}[/latex], [latex]\left(0.010\right)\left(x\right)=\text{1.0}\times {10}^{-28}[/latex], [latex]x=\text{1.0}\times {10}^{-26}[/latex], [latex]{\text{Mp}}_{}{\text{Xq}}_{}\left(s\right)\rightleftharpoons p{\text{M}}^{\text{m+}}\left(aq\right)+q{\text{X}}^{\text{n-}}\left(aq\right)[/latex], [latex]{K}_{\text{sp}}={{\text{[M}}^{\text{m+}}\text{]}}^{\text{p}}{{\text{[X}}^{\text{n-}}]}^{\text{q}}[/latex], Writing Equations and Solubility Products, Precipitation of AgCl upon Mixing Solutions, Write chemical equations and equilibrium expressions representing solubility equilibria, Carry out equilibrium computations involving solubility, equilibrium expressions, and solute concentrations, AgI, silver iodide, a solid with antiseptic properties, [latex]\text{AgI}\left(s\right)\rightleftharpoons {\text{Ag}}^{\text{+}}\left(aq\right)+{\text{I}}^{\text{-}}\left(aq\right){K}_{\text{sp}}={\text{[Ag}}^{\text{+}}{\right]\left[\text{I}}^{\text{-}}\right][/latex], [latex]{\text{CaCO}}_{3}\left(s\right)\rightleftharpoons {\text{Ca}}^{\text{2+}}\left(aq\right)+{\text{CO}}_{3}{}^{\text{2-}}\left(aq\right){K}_{\text{sp}}=\left[{\text{Ca}}^{\text{2+}}{\right]\left[\text{CO}_{3}{}^{\text{2-}}\right][/latex], [latex]{\text{Mg}\left(\text{OH}\right)}_{2}\left(s\right)\rightleftharpoons {\text{Mg}}^{\text{2+}}\left(aq\right)+{\text{2OH}}^{\text{-}}\left(aq\right){K}_{\text{sp}}={\text{[Mg}}^{\text{2+}}\right]\left[{\text{OH}}^{\text{-}}{\right]^{2}[/latex], [latex]{\text{Mg}\left(\text{NH}}_{4}{\right)\text{PO}}_{4}\left(s\right)\rightleftharpoons {\text{Mg}}^{\text{2+}}\left(aq\right)+{\text{NH}}_{4}{}^{\text{+}}\left(aq\right)+{\text{PO}}_{4}{}^{\text{3-}}\left(aq\right){K}_{\text{sp}}={\left[\text{Mg}}^{\text{2+}}{\right]\left[\text{NH}}_{4}{}^{\text{+}}{\right]\left[\text{PO}}_{4}{}^{\text{3-}}\right][/latex], [latex]{\text{Ca}}_{5}{\text{(PO}}_{4}\right)3\text{OH}\left(\text{s}\right)\rightleftharpoons {\text{5Ca}}^{\text{2+}}\left(aq\right)+{\text{3PO}}_{4}{}^{\text{3-}}\left(aq\right)+\text{OH}-\left(aq\right){K}_{\text{sp}}={{\text{[Ca}}^{\text{2+}}\text{]}}^{5}{\left[\text{PO}}_{4}{}^{\text{3-}}{\right]}^{3}\left[{\text{OH}}^{\text{-}}\right][/latex], [latex]{\text{Mp}}_{}{\text{Xq}}_{}\left(s\right)\rightleftharpoons p{\text{M}}^{\text{m+}}\left(aq\right)+q{\text{X}}^{\text{n-}}\left(aq\right){K}_{\text{sp}}={{\text{[M}}^{\text{m+}}\text{]}}^{\text{p}}{{\text{[X}}^{\text{n-}}\right]}^{\text{q}}[/latex]. stream >> /Type /XObject ������, �� U]�M�G�s�4�1����|��%� ��-����ǟ���7f��sݟ̒Y @��x^��}Y�74d�С{=T�� ���I9��}�!��-=��Y�s�y�� ���:t��|B�� ��W�`�_ /cR C� @�t������0O��٥Cf��#YC�&. /Filter /FlateDecode 12 0 obj What additional information do we need to answer the following question: How is the equilibrium of solid silver bromide with a saturated solution of its ions affected when the temperature is raised?
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