These strong fluctuations in sales led to economic hardship for the Britannica. Despite the unfailing support of the Sears Roebuck company, the Britannica almost went bankrupt over the next few years. It was published in 40 half-volume parts, priced 16 shillings in boards (32 pounds for the set). (3) In the United States, greatly increased military spending in the years before the country’s entry into World War II helped to reduce unemployment to below its pre-Depression level by 1942, again increasing aggregate demand. It was edited by Macvey Napier, who was assisted by James Browne, LLD. The index was called "Table of the Articles and Treatises Contained in This Work" and was 9 pages long. Cox also tried to involve the University of Chicago in producing the Britannica, even including a $1 million advance from Rosenwald as a temptation; however, the trustees of the University turned down his proposal, a choice they almost repeated a generation later under William Benton. go to culture. After a heated legal dispute and all-too-public corporate wrangling over ownership of the Britannica (1908–1909), Hooper bought out Walter Jackson, becoming the sole owner of the Britannica. The Supplement to the 5th edition was finished in 1824, and was sold with those sets, as well as with sets of the 6th edition, to be delivered at its completion. Britannica Visual Dictionary by Encyclopaedia Britannica Hardback Book The Cheap. The interstices of the pit were then carefully filled up with the fresh mould, so that the earth might everywhere come in contact with the patient's body. ", General Wood did not reply immediately but walked to his car. The first page of the supplement begins with the words "Appendix containing articles omitted and others further explained or improved, together with corrections of errors and of wrong references." Consist of 24 books with hundreds of beautifully colored illustrations. The re-issue of the 9th edition under the moniker "10th edition" caused some outrage, since many articles of the 9th edition were over 25 years old. "Entomology" was expanded from 8 pages and one plate in the 3rd edition to 98 pages and 4 plates in the 4th, with a 3-page index. Up to 1880, the editor, and author of the Foreword, was Thomas Spencer Baynes—the first English-born editor after a series of Scots—and W. Robertson Smith afterwards. It was the first edition to include a general index for all articles, a practice that was maintained until 1974. The editor of the supplement was Hugh Chisholm, who also had been the main editor of the eleventh edition, as well as the 1902 eleven-volume supplement to the ninth edition, known as the tenth edition. SOURCES "Ohio Gang | American Politicians." The new treatise was necessary because the copyright to the supplement to the 3rd, which included Thomson's excellent treatise, was not owned by Britannica. Real output and prices fell precipitously. In recent years, digital versions of the Britannica have been developed, both online and on optical media. Unfortunately, the Great Depression struck scarcely a month after the release of the 14th edition, and sales plummeted. Under Powell's leadership, the Britannica began to capitalize on its reputation by aggressively developing "spin-offs", such as the 12-volume Britannica Junior for children (published 1934, and revised to 15 volumes in 1947), the historical timeline The March of Man (published 1935, and edited by Albert Bushwell Hart, Isaac J. Cox and Lawrence H. Dawson), the Encyclopædia Britannica World Atlas (published 1942, and prepared by G. Donald Hudson) and 10 Eventful Years, a summary of the national and international events surrounding World War II (1937–1946). The vivid prose and easy navigation of the first edition led to strong demand for a second. Activity Questions Answers. The 12th part, another dissertation, was ready in 1831, and would have been the first part of volume 3, but the publishers put it into a separate volume at 12 shillings. The fourth edition was begun in 1800 and completed in 1810, comprising 20 volumes with 16,033 pages and 581 plates engraved by Andrew Bell. (Medicine had been a similar 302 pages in the 2nd edition). Implementation of the New Deal in the U.S. and welfare-state policies internationally, Increased government oversight of financial markets by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and other new regulatory agencies, Precipitous decline in standards of living around the world, Up to 25% unemployment in industrialized countries in the early 1930s. The volumes have black and white illustrations throughout, and are bound in black hard covers with gold tone design and lettering. 18 Dec. 2015. It currently is out of print and sold out. It was marked by steep declines in industrial production and in prices (deflation), mass unemployment, banking panics, and sharp increases in rates of poverty and homelessness. Supplement to the third edition, 1801, 1803, Supplement to the fifth edition, 1824 (later known as the supplement to the fourth, fifth and sixth editions), A. and C. Black editions (7th–9th, 1827–1901), First American editions (10th–14th, 1901–1973), Tenth edition (supplement to the 9th), 1903, Twelfth and thirteenth editions (competing supplements to the eleventh), The degree of M.A. Teacher Wraparound ed. Encyclopædia Britannica versus Microsoft Encarta", "CD-ROM Technology Poses Challenge for Encyclopedia Industry", "Encyclopædia Britannica changes to survive", Retrenching from web in 2001, return to book form, Free access and download of the Scribner's 9th Edition, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Encyclopædia_Britannica&oldid=1005244465, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Articles needing additional references from June 2016, All articles needing additional references, Articles needing additional references from April 2016, Articles that may contain original research from April 2016, All articles that may contain original research, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016, Articles needing additional references from November 2010, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 6 February 2021, at 18:36. The key idea that set the Britannica apart was to group related topics together into longer essays, that were then organized alphabetically. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The American editors who write short in-house articles are ignorant and parochial...The Encyclopædia Britannica is a publication so contemptuous of Britain, the land of its birth, that it cannot be bothered to ascertain correct usage when speaking of the Thames, a publication so insular as to give an entry to Alan Whicker but none to Lords Carrington or Whitelaw. Encyclopedia Britannica. The 3rd edition began the tradition (continued to this day) of dedicating the Britannica to the reigning British monarch, then King George III. Ironically, the Encyclopédie had begun as a French translation of the popular English encyclopedia, Cyclopaedia published by Ephraim Chambers in 1728. Bibliography "History of Western Architecture (United States)." This was to be accomplished with the magnificent 7th edition. A 204-page appendix, written in 1784, is found at the end of Vol. He seems to have been swayed by William Jones' Essay on the First Principles of Natural Philosophy (1762), which in turn was based on John Hutchinson's MA thesis, Moses' Principia, which was written in 1724 but rejected by Oxford University. The decline in German industrial production was roughly equal to that in the United States. The article "Chemistry," which was 261 pages long in the 3rd, written by James Tytler, and had been re-written in that edition's supplement as a 191-page treatise by Thomas Thomson, appears in the 4th edition as an entirely new 358-page article, which, according to the preface to the 5th edition, was authored by Millar himself. Presentation Software.N.p., n.d. Declines in consumer demand, financial panics, and misguided government policies caused economic output to fall in the United States, while the gold standard, which linked nearly all the countries of the world in a network of fixed currency exchange rates, played a key role in transmitting the American downturn to other countries. The plates and plate numbers are all the same, but with the name A. [4] A & C Black had moved to London in 1895 and, on 9 May 1901, sold all the rights to the Britannica to Hooper and Jackson, then living in London. "Geology" is new, even though the word had been coined in 1735. Bonar was friendly to the article authors, however, and conceived the plan of paying them as well as the article reviewers, and of allowing them to retain copyright for separate publication of their work. [16] In the royal dedication penned on 10 December 1800, Dr. Gleig elaborated on the editorial purpose of the Britannica, The French Encyclopédie had been accused, and justly accused, of having disseminated far and wide the seeds of anarchy and atheism. In 1890, James Clarke published the Americanized Encyclopædia Britannica, Revised and Amended which was only 10 volumes, as was the 1895 Belford-Clark issue by the same name (Chicago). The country’s output finally returned to its long-run trend path in 1942. This edition was also enormously profitable, yielding 42,000 pounds sterling profit on the sale of roughly 10,000 copies. In 1926, the Britannica released three new volumes covering the history of 1910–1926, which were intended to supplant those of the twelfth edition. More generally, Dr. Adler felt that the Britannica should not merely serve as a reference work, but also aspire to be a categorization of omne scibile (everything knowable), to fulfill Francis Bacon's grand conception of epistemology. They conceived of the Britannica as a conservative reaction to the French Encyclopédie of Denis Diderot (published 1751–1766), which was widely viewed as heretical. The French recovery in 1932 and 1933, however, was short-lived. Earlier encyclopedias did not maintain a continuous editorial staff, but rather assembled one just prior to beginning a new edition. The editors of Encyclopædia Britannica, the world standard in reference since 1768, present the Britannica Global Edition. Conversely, the 53-page "Metallurgy" of the 3rd was removed, and replaced by the note "see Gilding, Parting, Purifying, Refining, Smithery." [4] The 14th edition was again criticized for sexism, by a woman who wrote to editor Walter Yust that too many biographies were of men; Yust made a count and found that 6% of its 13,000 biographies were of women. The long s started being phased out of English publications shortly after the turn of the 19th century, and by 1817 it was archaic. In addition to the Edinburgh sets, more sets were authorized by Britannica to the London publishers Simpkin, Marshall and Company,[22] and to Little, Brown and Company of Boston. Complete set of Encyclopedia Britannica from the 1930s. [citation needed] To avoid further litigation, the suit against Saalfield Publishing was settled in court "by a stipulation in which the defendants agree not to print or sell any further copies of the offending work, to destroy all printed sheets, to destroy or melt the portions of the plates from which the infringing matter in the Supplement as it appears in the Americanized Encyclopædia Britannica has been printed, and to pay D. Appleton & Co. the sum of $2000 damages. "Preface to the 5th edition, 1817" page. The 2nd edition also reports a cure for tuberculosis: He chose a spot of ground on which no plants had been sown, and there he made a hole large and deep enough to admit the patient up to the chin. For other examples, the 4th edition has a 96-page article "Conchology", which listing does not appear in the 3rd or its supplement, and "Erpetology", 60 pages long in the 4th edition, with a 3-page index, is a new listing as well. Superficially, the Propædia's Outline of Knowledge was simplified for easier use. Apr 19, 2017 - Find the perfect handmade gift, vintage & on-trend clothes, unique jewelry, and more… lots more. Tytler wrote many science and history articles and almost all of the minor articles; by Robert Burns' estimate, Tytler wrote over three-quarters of the second edition. Encyclopædia Britannica, second edition. Why people called “lost generation” in the 1920’s and 1930’s? Other people alleged to have copied the 9th edition included John Wanamaker and the Reverend Isaac Kaufmann Funk of the Funk and Wagnalls encyclopedia. The editor was Dr. James Millar, a physician, who was good at scientific topics but criticized for being "slow & dilatory & not well qualified". In 1930 there were 1,483 establishments employ ing 85,289 wage-earners at a total of $115,259,081 in wages and producing an output valued at $512,010,502. The sales personnel earned commissions from door-to-door selling of the print encyclopedias, which McHenry believes led to decisions about the distribution and pricing of the electronic products being driven by the desires of the sales personnel rather than market conditions and customer expectations.[50]. [25] Famous infringers of that era include the Philadelphian Joseph M. Stoddart, who employed a spy in the Britannica's own printshop, Neill and Company, in Edinburgh. The first "American" encyclopedia, Dobson's Encyclopædia, was based almost entirely on the 3rd edition of the Britannica and published at nearly the same time (1788–1798), together with an analogous supplement (1803), by the Scottish-born printer, Thomas Dobson. [4], The 14th edition was published in September 1929, and had 23 volumes with a one-volume Index that also contained a complete atlas. Rather than releasing supplemental editions or volumes, new printings would be made every year with only enough copies made to cover the sales for that year. Who that is old enough does not remember the "campaign" of 1903, the insidious payment by instalments, the sets dumped at your door, bookcase and all, on receipt of a guinea, the scholarships, the competition questions, the reply-paid telegrams pursuing you to the innermost sanctuary of your home ("From my bath I curse you", one man wired back! The general price deflation evident in the United States was also present in other countries. [citation needed] Hooper recognized the potential profit in the Britannica and, again in 1896, learned that both the Britannica and The Times of London were in financial straits. "[30], The 1903 advertising campaign for the tenth edition was an onslaught of direct marketing: hand-written letters, telegrams, limited-time offers, etc.. The supplemental material was licensed for the fourth edition for 100 pounds, but this copyright issue remained a problem through the 6th edition and the material was not used. [10] There were roughly 1100 contributors altogether,[23] a handful of whom were women; this edition was also the first to include a significant article about women ("Women, Law Relating to"). Encyclopedia Wikia. Although the advertisement claimed that these articles would be included in this manner, they were not, and the author of the preface to the 7th edition states that none of this material entered the main body until that edition, and even gives a list of the articles which were.[21]. The editors were Hugh Chisholm, Sir Donald Mackenzie Wallace, Arthur T. Hadley and Franklin Henry Hooper, the brother of the owner Horace Hooper. With pastepot and scissors I composed it! (4) The Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act (1930) imposed steep tariffs on many industrial and agricultural goods, inviting retaliatory measures that ultimately reduced output and caused global trade to contract. The Encyclopædia Britannica has been published continuously since 1768, appearing in fifteen official editions. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Encyclopedia Britannica 9781593392932 Amazon Com Books. It curiously contains 25 new pages on Air, which give very little new information about air itself, but mainly cover hot air ballooning, one of Tytler's hobbies. Powell also introduced the Library Research Service (1936), in which owners of the Britannica could write to have their personal questions researched and answered by the editorial staff. Inaandikwa kwa lugha ya Kiingereza.Kamusi elezo hii huchapishwa na kampuni binafsi ya Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.Awali ilikuwa ikichapishwa kwenye karatasi tu, lakini hivi karibuni imepanuka na kuwa na dijiti, au matoleo ya kompyuta vilevile.Kamusi elezo hii imegawanyika katika vitabu vingi sana. Wikis. See above. The prices of primary commodities traded in world markets declined even more dramatically during this period. The articles describing World War I and the political changes brought about by it took up a large portion of the supplement, but articles on such things as radio (still called wireless telephony) are informative. The 8th edition has no listing for the subject at all. Almost no changes were made to the text, it was basically a remake of the 5th with very minor updates. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Encyclopedia Britannica Encyclopædia 11th Edition fasimile 29 volumes PDF format instant digital download yckprints. Although it originated in the United States, the Great Depression caused drastic declines in output, severe unemployment, and acute deflation in almost every country of the world. Treat him as a gentleman and one had no trouble with him; treat him as an essentially dishonest ranker and one got all the trouble there was to get. Four factors played roles of varying importance. Rather than revising the main text of the encyclopedia with each edition, Constable chose to add all updates to the supplement. geographic distribution includes . Category:1930. [2] Sales of the CD/DVD ended with the 2015 "Ultimate Reference Suite". After securing sole-ownership rights in December 1816, Constable began work on a supplement to the 5th edition, even before the fifth edition had been released (1817). The 6th edition was a reprint of the 5th with a modern typeface. Black was able to hold costs to roughly £75,655. Some long articles were carried over from the 7th edition, but most were completely re-written, and new articles by illustrious contributors were added. Britannica Beyond. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. His widow Helen Hemingway Benton continued to publish the Britannica until her own death in 1974. overview; data; articles; maps; names; filter by attribute show all geographic distribution includes sensory system skeleton structure visual system. This is mainly due to the increase in population of, and sales in, the United States, which were mere colonies with low population when Britannica started out in 1768. Uncyclopedia: The fair and balanced, highly accurate, content-free encyclopedia that anyone can edit. The so-called New Encyclopædia Britannica (or Britannica 3) had a unique three-part organization: a single Propædia (Primer for Education) volume, which aimed to provide an outline of all known, indeed knowable, information; a 10-volume Micropædia (Small Education) of 102,214 short articles (strictly less than 750 words); and a 19-volume Macropædia (Large Education) of 4,207 longer, scholarly articles with references, similar to those of the 9th and 11th editions. Cox argued forcefully for a new fourteenth edition, pointing out that the eleventh edition (the bulk of the twelfth and thirteenth editions) was badly out of date. The number of topics indexed by the Britannica has fluctuated from 500,000 (1985, the same as in 1954) to 400,000 (1989,1991) to 700,000 in the current 2007 print version. For example, the prices of coffee, cotton, silk, and rubber were reduced by roughly half just between September 1929 and December 1930. Not long after, Black bought out his partners and ownership of the Britannica passed to the Edinburgh publishing firm of A & C Black.[8]. The index was 187 pages, and was either bound alone as an unnumbered thin volume, or was bound together with volume I. The strict 750-word limit was softened to allow articles of medium length, such as Internet, which almost fills one page. Three factors played roles of varying importance. The fifth edition was a corrected reprint of the fourth; there is virtually no change in the text. Mathematical diagrams and illustrations were made from woodcuts, and for the first time in Britannica's history, were printed on the same pages as the text, in addition to the copperplates. Like the first edition, the second was sold in sections by subscription at the printing shop of Colin MacFarquhar. Developed specifically to provide comprehensive and global coverage of the world around us, this unique product contains thousands of timely, relevant, and essential articles drawn from the Encyclopædia Britannica itself, as well as from the Britannica Concise Encyclopedia, the Britannica Encyclopedia of World Religions, and Compton’s by Britannica. James Tytler again contributed heavily to the authorship, up to the letter M.[14] Andrew Bell, Macfarquhar's partner, bought the rights to the Britannica from Macfarquhar's heirs. encyclopedia britannica full set 22 Books. Subcategories. Add new page. [10] Scribners' claimed U. S. copyright on several of the individual articles. Author of. [32] The 11th edition retained the high scholarship and eminent contributors that marked the 9th edition, but tempered that scholarship with shorter, simpler articles that were more intelligible to lay-readers. More coverage was given to popular entertainment,[35] with Gene Tunney writing on boxing, Lillian Gish on acting and Irene Castle on ballroom dancing. The CEO of Sears Roebuck, philanthropist Julius Rosenwald, was devoted to the mission of the Britannica and bought its rights on 24 February 1920 from his friend Horace Everett Hooper for $1.25 million. Seller 100% positive. In 1816, Bell's trustees sold the rights to the Britannica for 14,000 pounds to Archibald Constable, an apprentice bookseller, who had been involved in its publication from 1788. Human "Physiology" was entirely re-written, and went from 60 pages to 80, with an index. Explore Wikis; Community Central; Start a Wiki; Search This wiki This wiki All wikis | Sign In Don't have an account? While some less-developed countries experienced severe depressions, others, such as Argentina and Brazil, experienced comparatively mild downturns. Sports & Recreation. In 2003, Britannica co-operated with a Taiwanese company[48] to provide a Traditional Chinese-English bilingual online encyclopedia following the 2002 edition of Britannica Concise Encyclopaedia (the first bilingual product of Britannica) and announced plans to translate the rest of the encyclopedia into Chinese. The article "Electricity", 125 pages in the 3rd edition, was completely re-written for the 4th edition and was 163 pages. Because of the greater flexibility of the Japanese price structure, deflation in Japan was unusually rapid in 1930 and 1931. Recently changed pages. Even after the Tenth edition was published, some American infringement companies were still printing thousands of copies of the Ninth without the supplements. 1688, June 4, 1904, There are many places the encyclopedia can be accessed online (see the, as stated by J.L. The downturn became markedly worse, however, in late 1929 and continued until early 1933. An intellectual prodigy who mastered advanced scientific and mathematical topics, Smith was a professor of theology at the Free Church College in Aberdeen, and was the first contributor to the Britannica who addressed the historical interpretation of the Bible, a topic then already familiar on the Continent of Europe. Nevertheless, Gleig was sanguine about the errors of the 3rd edition, echoing William Smellie's sentiment in the 1st edition quoted above: For perfection seems to be incompatible with the nature of works constructed on such a plan, and embracing such a variety of subjects.